A breast cancer diagnosis brings a flood of hard decisions, and the surgery is often the first. For most women, it comes down to two choices: lumpectomy, which removes only the tumor and saves the breast, or mastectomy, which removes the breast entirely. Both can...
Breast cancer can return after surgery, with recurrence rates ranging from 5 to 20 percent over ten years depending on the original stage, tumour subtype and how complete the initial treatment was. It comes back when cancer cells survive the surgery and regrow, either...
Radiation is needed after breast cancer surgery in most women who undergo breast-conserving surgery and in selected mastectomy cases with high recurrence risk. It targets cancer cells that may remain in the breast, chest wall or nearby lymph nodes after the tumour is...
The main difference between colon and rectal cancer lies in their location and treatment approach. Colon cancer develops in the longer upper portion of the large intestine, while rectal cancer occurs in the final 15 centimetres before the anus. Although both fall...
Breast cancer can develop without a palpable lump in roughly 10 to 15 percent of cases. The disease often presents as skin dimpling, nipple inversion, spontaneous discharge, persistent localised pain or diffuse breast swelling. Inflammatory and lobular breast cancers...
